proguanil   

GtoPdb Ligand ID: 9676

Synonyms: Bigumal® | chloroguanide | Paludrine®
proguanil is an approved drug (FDA (2000) in combination with atovaquone)
Compound class: Synthetic organic
Comment: Proguanil is a biguanide derivative that, once administered, is converted to the active metabolite cycloguanil. It is an antimalarial drug, used in combination with atovaquone or with chloroquine.
The marketed formulations contain proguanil hydrochloride (PubChem CID 9570076).

Ligand Activity Visualisation Charts

These are box plot that provide a unique visualisation, summarising all the activity data for a ligand taken from ChEMBL and GtoPdb across multiple targets and species. Click on a plot to see the median, interquartile range, low and high data points. A value of zero indicates that no data are available. A separate chart is created for each target, and where possible the algorithm tries to merge ChEMBL and GtoPdb targets by matching them on name and UniProt accession, for each available species. However, please note that inconsistency in naming of targets may lead to data for the same target being reported across multiple charts.

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View interactive charts of activity data across species
2D Structure

2D Structure

An image of the ligand's 2D structure. For small molecules with SMILES these are drawn using the NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver. Click on the image to access the chemical structure search tool with the ligand pre-loaded in the structure editor. For other types of ligands, e.g. longer nucleotides and peptides, a manually drawn representation of the molecule may be provided.

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Click here for structure editor
Physico-chemical Properties

Physico-chemical Properties

Calculated molecular properties are available for small molecules and natural products (not peptides). Properties were generated using the CDK toolkit. All properties were selected to enable the prediction of the Lipinski Rule-of-Five profile or ‘druglikeness’ for each ligand. For more info on each category see the help pages.

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Hydrogen bond acceptors 5
Hydrogen bond donors 3
Rotatable bonds 4
Topological polar surface area 88.79
Molecular weight 253.11
XLogP 1.84
No. Lipinski's rules broken 0
SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) A specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. Canonical SMILES specify a unique representation of the 2D structure without chiral or isotopic specifications. Isomeric SMILES include chiral specification and isotopes.

Standard InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) and InChIKey InChI is a non-proprietary, standard, textual identifier for chemical substances designed to facilitate linking of information and database searching. An InChIKey is a simplified version of a full InChI, designed for easier web searching.

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Canonical SMILES CC(N=C(N=C(Nc1ccc(cc1)Cl)N)N)C
Isomeric SMILES CC(N=C(/N=C(/Nc1ccc(cc1)Cl)\N)N)C
InChI InChI=1S/C11H16ClN5/c1-7(2)15-10(13)17-11(14)16-9-5-3-8(12)4-6-9/h3-7H,1-2H3,(H5,13,14,15,16,17)
InChI Key SSOLNOMRVKKSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N
No information available.
Summary of Clinical Use
Proguanil is used in combination with atovaquone in both the treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by P. falciparum and in malaria prophylaxis [1].
Proguanil is on the World Health Organisation's List of Essential Medicines. Click here to access the pdf version of the WHO's 21st Essential Medicines list (2019).
Mechanism Of Action and Pharmacodynamic Effects
Cycloguanil, the active metabolite of proguanil, is an inhibitor of Plasmodium dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Proguanil has a different mechanism of action when used in combination with atovaquone, with the prodrug having synergistic activity, leading to enhanced collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential [2].
External links
For extended ADME data see the following:

Electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC)