piperaquine   Click here for help

GtoPdb Ligand ID: 10025

Approved drug Antimalarial Ligand
piperaquine is an approved drug (EMA (2011) in combination with artenimol)
Compound class: Synthetic organic
Comment: Piperaquine is a 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial compound.

The Malaria tab on this ligand page provides additional curator comments of relevance to the Guide to MALARIA PHARMACOLOGY.
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Ligand Activity Visualisation Charts

These are box plot that provide a unique visualisation, summarising all the activity data for a ligand taken from ChEMBL and GtoPdb across multiple targets and species. Click on a plot to see the median, interquartile range, low and high data points. A value of zero indicates that no data are available. A separate chart is created for each target, and where possible the algorithm tries to merge ChEMBL and GtoPdb targets by matching them on name and UniProt accession, for each available species. However, please note that inconsistency in naming of targets may lead to data for the same target being reported across multiple charts.

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View interactive charts of activity data across species
2D Structure
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2D Structure

An image of the ligand's 2D structure. For small molecules with SMILES these are drawn using the NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver. Click on the image to access the chemical structure search tool with the ligand pre-loaded in the structure editor. For other types of ligands, e.g. longer nucleotides and peptides, a manually drawn representation of the molecule may be provided.

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Physico-chemical Properties
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Physico-chemical Properties

Calculated molecular properties are available for small molecules and natural products (not peptides). Properties were generated using the CDK toolkit. All properties were selected to enable the prediction of the Lipinski Rule-of-Five profile or ‘druglikeness’ for each ligand. For more info on each category see the help pages.

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Hydrogen bond acceptors 6
Hydrogen bond donors 0
Rotatable bonds 6
Topological polar surface area 38.74
Molecular weight 534.21
XLogP 5.59
No. Lipinski's rules broken 1
SMILES / InChI / InChIKey
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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) A specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. Canonical SMILES specify a unique representation of the 2D structure without chiral or isotopic specifications. Isomeric SMILES include chiral specification and isotopes.

Standard InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) and InChIKey InChI is a non-proprietary, standard, textual identifier for chemical substances designed to facilitate linking of information and database searching. An InChIKey is a simplified version of a full InChI, designed for easier web searching.

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Canonical SMILES Clc1ccc2c(c1)nccc2N1CCN(CC1)CCCN1CCN(CC1)c1ccnc2c1ccc(c2)Cl
Isomeric SMILES Clc1ccc2c(c1)nccc2N1CCN(CC1)CCCN1CCN(CC1)c1ccnc2c1ccc(c2)Cl
InChI InChI=1S/C29H32Cl2N6/c30-22-2-4-24-26(20-22)32-8-6-28(24)36-16-12-34(13-17-36)10-1-11-35-14-18-37(19-15-35)29-7-9-33-27-21-23(31)3-5-25(27)29/h2-9,20-21H,1,10-19H2
InChI Key UCRHFBCYFMIWHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Guide to Malaria Pharmacology Comments
Piperaquine is on the World Health Organisation's List of Essential Medicines. Click here to access the pdf version of the WHO's 21st Essential Medicines list (2019). Piperaquine is used in combination with artenimol as a curative treatment for malaria and is one of the artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) recommended in the WHO Guidelines for the treatment of malaria [3].

Potential Target/Mechanism Of Action: As the precise MOA of piperaquine is not yet known, we do not have a molecular target for this compound. It is thought that piperaquine has a similar MOA to chloroquine, killing the malaria parasite by causing a build up of toxic heme by inhibiting the enzyme that normally converts it to non-toxic haemozoin [1].