exendin-4   Click here for help

GtoPdb Ligand ID: 1135

Synonyms: AC 2993 | AC002993 | AC2993A | Bydureon® | Byetta®
Approved drug
exendin-4 is an approved drug (FDA (2005), EMA (2006))
Compound class: Peptide
Comment: This peptide is found in the venom of the Gila monster Heloderma suspectum. Exenatide is the synthetic form of the peptide used in clinical practice. Exendin-4 is a GLP-1 analogue/mimetic [3]. There is some ambiguity surrounding the exact stereochemistry of exendin-4. Representations of the peptide's full chemical structure can be accessed using the PubChem, ChEMBL and ChEBI links that we provide in the Database Links table.
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Ligand Activity Visualisation Charts

These are box plot that provide a unique visualisation, summarising all the activity data for a ligand taken from ChEMBL and GtoPdb across multiple targets and species. Click on a plot to see the median, interquartile range, low and high data points. A value of zero indicates that no data are available. A separate chart is created for each target, and where possible the algorithm tries to merge ChEMBL and GtoPdb targets by matching them on name and UniProt accession, for each available species. However, please note that inconsistency in naming of targets may lead to data for the same target being reported across multiple charts.

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View interactive charts of activity data across species

IUPHAR Pharmacology Education Project (PEP) logo

View more information in the IUPHAR Pharmacology Education Project: exenatide

2D Structure
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2D Structure

An image of the ligand's 2D structure. For small molecules with SMILES these are drawn using the NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver. Click on the image to access the chemical structure search tool with the ligand pre-loaded in the structure editor. For other types of ligands, e.g. longer nucleotides and peptides, a manually drawn representation of the molecule may be provided.

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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey
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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) A specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. Canonical SMILES specify a unique representation of the 2D structure without chiral or isotopic specifications. Isomeric SMILES include chiral specification and isotopes.

Standard InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) and InChIKey InChI is a non-proprietary, standard, textual identifier for chemical substances designed to facilitate linking of information and database searching. An InChIKey is a simplified version of a full InChI, designed for easier web searching.

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)

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Canonical SMILES NCCCCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)N)CO)C)CO)CO)CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(Cc1c[nH]c2c1cccc2)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(CC)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(O)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(O)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(Cc1nc[nH]c1)N)CCC(=O)O)Cc1ccccc1)CO)CC(=O)O)CC(C)C)CO)CCCCN)CCC(=O)N)CCSC)CCC(=O)O)CCC(=O)O)CCC(=O)O)C)CCCNC(=N)N)CC(C)C)Cc1ccccc1)CCC(=O)O)CC(C)C
Isomeric SMILES NCCCCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)N1CCCC1C(=O)NC(C(=O)N)CO)C)CO)CO)CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(Cc1c[nH]c2c1cccc2)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(CC)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(O)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(C(O)C)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(Cc1nc[nH]c1)N)CCC(=O)O)Cc1ccccc1)CO)CC(=O)O)CC(C)C)CO)CCCCN)CCC(=O)N)CCSC)CCC(=O)O)CCC(=O)O)CCC(=O)O)C)CCCNC(=N)N)CC(C)C)Cc1ccccc1)CCC(=O)O)CC(C)C
InChI InChI=1S/C184H282N50O60S/c1-16-94(10)147(178(289)213-114(52-58-144(257)258)163(274)218-121(73-101-77-195-105-39-24-23-38-103(101)105)168(279)215-116(68-90(2)3)165(276)205-107(41-26-28-61-186)158(269)219-122(75-134(189)243)154(265)198-79-135(244)196-83-139(248)231-63-30-43-129(231)175(286)225-127(87-238)174(285)223-125(85-236)155(266)200-80-136(245)202-96(12)181(292)233-65-32-45-131(233)183(294)234-66-33-46-132(234)182(293)232-64-31-44-130(232)176(287)222-124(84-235)150(190)261)229-170(281)119(71-99-34-19-17-20-35-99)217-166(277)117(69-91(4)5)214-159(270)108(42-29-62-194-184(191)192)212-177(288)146(93(8)9)228-151(262)95(11)203-156(267)111(49-55-141(251)252)208-161(272)112(50-56-142(253)254)209-162(273)113(51-57-143(255)256)210-164(275)115(59-67-295-15)211-160(271)110(47-53-133(188)242)207-157(268)106(40-25-27-60-185)206-172(283)126(86-237)224-167(278)118(70-92(6)7)216-169(280)123(76-145(259)260)220-173(284)128(88-239)226-180(291)149(98(14)241)230-171(282)120(72-100-36-21-18-22-37-100)221-179(290)148(97(13)240)227-138(247)82-199-153(264)109(48-54-140(249)250)204-137(246)81-197-152(263)104(187)74-102-78-193-89-201-102/h17-24,34-39,77-78,89-98,104,106-132,146-149,195,235-241H,16,25-33,40-76,79-88,185-187H2,1-15H3,(H2,188,242)(H2,189,243)(H2,190,261)(H,193,201)(H,196,244)(H,197,263)(H,198,265)(H,199,264)(H,200,266)(H,202,245)(H,203,267)(H,204,246)(H,205,276)(H,206,283)(H,207,268)(H,208,272)(H,209,273)(H,210,275)(H,211,271)(H,212,288)(H,213,289)(H,214,270)(H,215,279)(H,216,280)(H,217,277)(H,218,274)(H,219,269)(H,220,284)(H,221,290)(H,222,287)(H,223,285)(H,224,278)(H,225,286)(H,226,291)(H,227,247)(H,228,262)(H,229,281)(H,230,282)(H,249,250)(H,251,252)(H,253,254)(H,255,256)(H,257,258)(H,259,260)(H4,191,192,194)
InChI Key HTQBXNHDCUEHJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)
Bioactivity Comments
Binds to the GLP-1 receptor.
Selectivity at GPCRs
Key to terms and symbols Click column headers to sort
Target Sp. Type Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Reference
GLP-1 receptor Primary target of this compound Hs Agonist Full agonist 8.7 – 9.0 pKi - 4
⤷ pKi 8.7 – 9.0 (Ki 1.99x10-9 – 1x10-9 M) [4]
GLP-1 receptor Primary target of this compound Hs Agonist Agonist 9.2 pIC50 - 6
⤷ pIC50 9.2 (IC50 6.6x10-10 M) [6]
Description: Displacement of GLP-1 from hGLP-1 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells by exendin-4
Targets where the ligand is described in the comment field
Target Comment
synuclein alpha The formation of abnormal and toxic synuclein alpha oligomers and larger fibrilar aggregates underlies neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. There has therefore been much interest in developing therapeutics that are able to prevent formation or functionally block these aggregates as potential disease-modifying options to slow disease progression. As of early 2024, clinical evidence was beginning to demonstrate two pharmaceutical mechanisms that offered disease-modifying efficacy (in patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease): anti-diabetes GLP-1 agonist drugs (lixisenatide and exenatide/exendin-4 for example) [1-2,5] and the monoclonal antibody prasinezumab that selectively targets aggregated forms synuclein alpha [7]. It remains to be determined if these mechanisms hold in larger clinical studies.