GPR119
Target id: 126
Nomenclature: GPR119
Family: GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119
This receptor has a proposed ligand; see the Latest Pairings page for more information.
Contents:
- Gene and Protein Information
- Previous and Unofficial Names
- Database Links
- Natural/Endogenous Ligands
- Rank order lists
- Agonists
- Transduction Mechanisms
- Tissue Distribution
- Expression Datasets
- Functional Assays
- Physiological Functions
- Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
- Gene Expression and Pathophysiology
- Biologically Significant Variants
- General Comments
- References
- Contributors
- How to cite this page
Gene and Protein Information  |
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| class A G protein-coupled receptor | ||||||
| Species | TM | AA | Chromosomal Location | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Reference |
| Human | 7 | 335 | Xq26.1 | GPR119 | G protein-coupled receptor 119 | 11 |
| Mouse | 7 | 335 | X A5 | Gpr119 | G-protein coupled receptor 119 | |
| Rat | 7 | 468 | Xq36 | Gpr119 | G protein-coupled receptor 119 | |
| Previous and Unofficial Names |
| GPCR2 | glucose-dependent insulinotropic receptor | G-protein coupled receptor 2 | G protein-coupled receptor 119 |
| Database Links |
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| Specialist databases | |
| GPCRdb | gp119_human (Hs), gp119_mouse (Mm), gp119_rat (Rn) |
| Other databases | |
| Alphafold | Q8TDV5 (Hs), Q7TQP3 (Mm), Q7TQN8 (Rn) |
| ChEMBL Target | CHEMBL5652 (Hs), CHEMBL5263 (Mm), CHEMBL5262 (Rn) |
| Ensembl Gene | ENSG00000147262 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000051209 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000024517 (Rn) |
| Entrez Gene | 139760 (Hs), 236781 (Mm), 302813 (Rn) |
| Human Protein Atlas | ENSG00000147262 (Hs) |
| KEGG Gene | hsa:139760 (Hs), mmu:236781 (Mm), rno:302813 (Rn) |
| OMIM | 300513 (Hs) |
| Pharos | Q8TDV5 (Hs) |
| RefSeq Nucleotide | NM_178471 (Hs), NM_181751 (Mm), NM_181770 (Rn) |
| RefSeq Protein | NP_848566 (Hs), NP_861416 (Mm), NP_861435 (Rn) |
| UniProtKB | Q8TDV5 (Hs), Q7TQP3 (Mm), Q7TQN8 (Rn) |
| Wikipedia | GPR119 (Hs) |
| Natural/Endogenous Ligands |
| N-oleoylethanolamide |
| N-palmitoylethanolamine |
| SEA |
| Comments: Proposed ligand, two publications |
| Potency order of endogenous ligands |
| N-oleoylethanolamide, N-palmitoylethanolamine > SEA (anandamide is ineffective) [36] |
Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file 
| Agonists | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key to terms and symbols | View all chemical structures | Click column headers to sort | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| View species-specific agonist tables | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agonist Comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Endogenous agonists for GPR119 include lipid compounds. For a review summarising the range of endogenous lipids tested at this receptor and the role of GPR119 as a fat sensor see [17]. In addition to those agonists displayed in the table, 5-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid (5-HEPE) displays agonist activity at mammalian GPR119, with EC50 values ranging from 0.003-3 µM in the human and mouse receptors (the reference does not specify which data is for each species) [24]. A pharmacophore model for GPR119 agonists is described by Zhu et al. [58]. A number of low-affinity synthetic agonists based on the structure of AR231453 are outlined in [42]. Similarly, a range of 2,5-disubstituted pyridines are assessed for their properties as GPR119 agonists in [52]. Treatment with agonists OEA or PSN632408 has been demonstrated to increase intracellular cAMP levels in a HEK-OSGPR116 cell line in a concentration dependent manner [36]. Treatment of GPR119-transfected HEK293 cells with AR231453 caused an increase in intracellular cAMP levels [8]. Additionally, treatment of HIT-T15 cells with AR231453 led to enhanced insulin release [8]. Experiments in mice in the same study showed improved glucose tolerance following treatment with AR231453 in wild-type mice. The same effect was not seen in GPR119-deficient mice. Another study revealed AR231453 when used to treat GLUTag cells causes calcium influx [26]. A review by Lauffer et al. summarises the findings of others to suggest that half of the in vivo agonism of GPR119 is mediated by intestinal L-cells and the other half by pancreatic β-cells [28]. Agonists OEA, PSN375963, PSN632408 and oleoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine all signal through GPR119 selectively although oleoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine also acts through GPR119-independent mechanisms [34]. It has been demonstrated that Gpr119 is not required for the hypophagic action of endogenous ligand oleoylethanolamide as a decreased food intake was seen in both Gpr119+/+ and Gpr119-/- mice when treated with oleoylethanolamide [27]. In high glucose conditions, treatment of mice with AS1269574 stimulated insulin release from β-cells [54]. In 2008, Arena Pharmaceuticals reported GPR119 agonist APD597 has entered Phase 1 clinical trials as a type 2 diabetes candidate. The results of Katz et al. (2011) show novel agonist JNJ-38431055 to have potential as an anti-diabetic therapy [22]. Other drugs reported to have entered clinical trials include MBX-2982, GSK-1292263 and PSN-821 [35]. JNJ-38431055 has performed well when administered in studies on subjects with type 2 diabetes [23]. AS1907417 has been shown to preserve pancreatic β-cell function in addition to controlling glucose levels [57]. The mouse pancreatic β-cell line MIN6-B1 when treated with AS1907417 displayed a concentration dependent increase in glucose-sensitive insulin secretion (GSIS) at high glucose concentrations. The same study showed that chronic treatment of diabetic db/db mice with AS1907417 resulted in increased expression of both pancreatic insulin and PDX-1 genes. Treatment of GPR119-expressing human COS-7 cells with 2-oleoyl glycerol led to elevated levels of cAMP in the cells and elevated plasma GLP-1 [18]. These results were also seen in in vivo studies where GPR119 agonists were administered to a group of human subjects, whereby plasma concentrations of GLP-1 and GIP increase following 2-oleoyl glycerol treatment. McClure et al. outline the synthesis of a series of bridged piperidine (oxaazabicyclo) compounds, which display potent agonist and antagonist properties at the receptor. Studies on the conformation of these compounds demonstrated that in the case of compounds 1, 8 and 9 the conformation of the molecule in either equatorial or axial form determines its property to act as either an agonist or antagonist at the receptor [32]. Agonist 5-(4-cyano-3-methylphenyl)-2-(4-(3-isopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperidin-1-yl)nicotinitrile (compound 2 in the reference) in addition to high efficacy at the human receptor demonstrated stability in rat plasma [45]. Compound 36, when tested by Xia et al. was found to be active in lowering blood glucose levels in a mouse model and to induce an increase in plasma insulin levels in a rat model of hyperglycaemia [53]. Treatment of db/db mice with AS1535907 for three weeks led to an increase in pancreatic insulin and pancreatic β-cell transcription factors (Nkx 2.2, Nkx 6.1, NeuroD and PC1) required for pancreatic development and endocrine cell differentiation [56]. SAR optimization of pyrazolopyrimidines as potent and selective GPR119 agonists is reported in [3]. |
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| Primary Transduction Mechanisms
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| Transducer | Effector/Response |
| Gs family | Adenylyl cyclase stimulation |
| Comments: Detection of elevated cAMP levels of GRP119-transfected HEK293 cells with high levels of GPR119 expression indicate Gαs -coupled signalling leading in turn to activation of adenylyl cyclase [8,28]. | |
| References: 46 | |
| Tissue Distribution
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| Tissue Distribution Comments | ||||||||||
| In the rat pancreas, distribution has been demonstrated to be higher in the islet cells than in the pancreas as a whole [46]. These findings are supported by those of Sakamoto et al. who found gpr119 to be expressed in a mouse MIN6 cell line, detected by Northern blot analysis and confirmed by RT-PCR [39]. Immunofluorescence analysis in rat and mouse also confirmed the expression of GPR119 in β cells in the pancreatic islets [8]. Northern blot analysis of GLUTag, NIT-T15 and STC-1 cells demonstrated labelled mouse GPR119 expression [6]. The same study also found high levels of GPR119 expression in region of mouse colon where modulators of GLP-1 release are particularly effective suggesting colocalisation with other receptors with endocrine function. Preproglucagon-expressing cells in the mouse colon were found to be positive for GPR119 expression. The study by Lan et al. finding strong expression of GPR119 in mouse pancreatic islets also found strong expression in mouse insulinoma (Min6-C4) cells [27]. GPR119 was detected in K cells expressed in transgenic mice using quantitative RT-PCR [37]. The expression pattern of GPR119 in the GI tract is highly similar to that if PYY-expressing L-cells [9]. Cell line expression analysis with α-TC1-6 cells and STC-1 cells revealed significantly higher levels of expression in the α-TC1-6 cells [51]. |
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| Expression Datasets |
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| Functional Assays
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| Functional Assay Comments | ||||||||||
| The assay showing insulin secretion following treatment with GR119 agonists demonstrates the selective vs. non-selective activity of the various GPR119 agonists. The findings of Lauffer et al. showing increased secretion of GLP-1 following treatment with oleoylethanolamide were also seen in a murine GLUTag cells line and rat intestinal L-cell models. Increased cAMP levels were also observed [29]. |
| Physiological Functions
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| Physiological Functions Comments | ||||||||
| GPR119 was first proposed to have a role in mediating insulin secretion via LPC by Soga et al. (2005) [46]. Overton et al. hypothesised that GPR119 plays a hypophagic role given its intestinal localisation and the fact endogenous agonists OEA, PEA, and SEA have been shown in a rat model to reduce feeding behaviour [36]. The proposed role of GPR119 in glucose homeostasis was further supported by the finding that treatment with GPR119 agonist AR231453 resulted in improved glucose tolerance in rats [6]. The dual action of GPR119 agonists leading to incretin secretion and β-cell stimulation demonstrates the two established physiological functions of the receptor [20]. GPR119-mediated secretion of insulin is glucose-dependent whereas secretion of GLP-1 is glucose independent [26]. | ||||||||
| Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression Comments | |
| There are no consistent abnormalities in the tissues of the Gpr119-/- mice. Similarly, not behavioural differences or significant different were observed in analysis of urine [27]. In investigation of further genotypic differences the same study demonstrated lower body mass in the Gpr119-/- genotype than the Gpr119+/+ genotype when mice were fed with a diet of semi-purified LFD [27]. In a further experiment measuring GLP-1[7-36]amide and total GIP levels in the wild type and knockout mice, a genotypic difference was seen in GLP-1[7-36] levels. Lower levels were seen in the Gpr119-/- following oral glucose load, whereas a three-fold increase was seen in GLP-1[7-36]amide in the Gpr119-/- mice. However, the two genotypes did not display a significant difference in overall GIP levels following glucose load. These results indicate GPR119 signalling is involved in the regulation of GLP-1 secretion following food intake. |
| Gene Expression and Pathophysiology
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| Gene Expression and Pathophysiology Comments | ||||||||||||
| In obese hyperglycaemic db/db mice, gpr119 mRNA expression levels were elevated in pancreatic islets [39]. This supports GR119 having a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity. | ||||||||||||
| Biologically Significant Variants
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| General Comments |
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Proposed ligand (oleoylethanolamide), supported by one publication [36]. GPR119 is one of the rhodopsin-type GPCRs [11]. Although not a cannabinoid receptor, GPR119 is a target of the endocannabinoid system [21]. GPR119 represents a potential drug target in the treatment of obesity and diabetes [20,39]. Due to the expression pattern of GPR119, targeting the receptor with agonists may prove to be a better therapeutic strategy than current treatments for diabetes [20]. As of 2008, GPR119 agonists were in clinical trials with focus on their effects both on pancreatic insulin secretion and intestinal GLP-1 release [10]. By 2009 there was some consensus in the literature that OEA was the main endogenous ligand for GPR119 [5]. Phylogenetic studies have assigned GPR119 to the MECA (melanocortin; endothelial differentiation gene; cannabinoid; adenosine) receptor cluster, with cannabinoid receptors as its closest relatives [14]. The highest potency agonist, oleoylethanolamide is one of the acylethanolamides group of compounds. Modulation of the levels of acylethanolamides in the gut has been explored as a strategy for the control and treatment of eating disorders and inflammatory bowel conditions [5]. However, the extent to which GPR119 is involved in the weight-reducing effects of oleoylethanolamide is not yet understood [16]. Mutation studies on GPR119 revealed mutation of the tryptophan residue at position 13 of transmembrane region V1, conserved across GPCRs is essential to the function of the receptor, with all constitutive activity of the receptor eliminated when Trp13 was substituted with Ala [19]. GPR119 is upregulated in response to OEA [50]. However, it has also been shown the cytoprotective effects of OEA are not mediated through GPR119 [48]. Mice with deletion of the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors (Gcgr–/–,Glp1r–/–) display increased expression of gpr119 in pancreatic islets and increased sensitivity to cholecystokinin and GPR119 agonist AR231453 revealing compensatory mechanisms of insulin secretion control and therefore plasticy in the incretin axis and β-cell function [1]. An additional study showed that AR231453 stimulates the proliferation of β-cells and improves the function of pancreatic islet grafts in diabetic mice. These results include increased GLP-1 secretion following AR231453 treatment [13]. The therapeutic implication for this finding is that single-islet as opposed to full pancreatic transplant may be possible, and that GPR119 agonists are successful in restoring normoglycemia. These results are supported by a further study demonstrating that normoglycemia can be achieved more rapidly in diabetic mice treated with GPR119 agonists OEA or PSN632408 than those treated with a vehicle [12]. Both these agonists are shown to stimulate β-cell replication in vitro and in vivo thereby increasing β cell mass and improving graft function. |
References
1. Ali S, Lamont BJ, Charron MJ, Drucker DJ. (2011) Dual elimination of the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors in mice reveals plasticity in the incretin axis. J Clin Invest, 121 (5): 1917-29. [PMID:21540554]
2. Alper P, Azimioara M, Cow C, Mutnick D, Nikulin V, Michellys PY, Wang Z, Reding E, Paliotti M, Li J et al.. (2014) Discovery of structurally novel, potent and orally efficacious GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 24 (10): 2383-7. [PMID:24751443]
3. Azimioara M, Alper P, Cow C, Mutnick D, Nikulin V, Lelais G, Mecom J, McNeill M, Michellys PY, Wang Z et al.. (2014) Novel tricyclic pyrazolopyrimidines as potent and selective GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 24 (23): 5478-83. [PMID:25455488]
4. Bonini, James A. et al.. (2002) Methods of identifying compounds that bind to SNORF25 receptors. Patent number: US6468756. Assignee: Synaptic. Priority date: 22/02/1999. Publication date: 22/10/2002.
5. Borrelli F, Izzo AA. (2009) Role of acylethanolamides in the gastrointestinal tract with special reference to food intake and energy balance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 23 (1): 33-49. [PMID:19285259]
6. Chu ZL, Carroll C, Alfonso J, Gutierrez V, He H, Lucman A, Pedraza M, Mondala H, Gao H, Bagnol D et al.. (2008) A role for intestinal endocrine cell-expressed g protein-coupled receptor 119 in glycemic control by enhancing glucagon-like Peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic Peptide release. Endocrinology, 149 (5): 2038-47. [PMID:18202141]
7. Chu ZL, Carroll C, Chen R, Alfonso J, Gutierrez V, He H, Lucman A, Xing C, Sebring K, Zhou J et al.. (2010) N-oleoyldopamine enhances glucose homeostasis through the activation of GPR119. Mol Endocrinol, 24 (1): 161-70. [PMID:19901198]
8. Chu ZL, Jones RM, He H, Carroll C, Gutierrez V, Lucman A, Moloney M, Gao H, Mondala H, Bagnol D et al.. (2007) A role for beta-cell-expressed G protein-coupled receptor 119 in glycemic control by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin release. Endocrinology, 148 (6): 2601-9. [PMID:17289847]
9. Cox HM, Tough IR, Woolston AM, Zhang L, Nguyen AD, Sainsbury A, Herzog H. (2010) Peptide YY is critical for acylethanolamine receptor Gpr119-induced activation of gastrointestinal mucosal responses. Cell Metab, 11 (6): 532-42. [PMID:20519124]
10. Engelstoft MS, Egerod KL, Holst B, Schwartz TW. (2008) A gut feeling for obesity: 7TM sensors on enteroendocrine cells. Cell Metab, 8 (6): 447-9. [PMID:19041758]
11. Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, Gloriam DE, Lagerström MC, Schiöth HB. (2003) Seven evolutionarily conserved human rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptors lacking close relatives. FEBS Lett, 554 (3): 381-8. [PMID:14623098]
12. Gao J, Tian L, Weng G, Bhagroo NV, Sorenson RL, O'Brien TD, Luo J, Guo Z. (2011) Stimulating beta cell replication and improving islet graft function by GPR119 agonists. Transpl Int, 24 (11): 1124-34. [PMID:21902730]
13. Gao J, Tian L, Weng G, O'Brien TD, Luo J, Guo Z. (2011) Stimulating β-cell replication and improving islet graft function by AR231453, A gpr119 agonist. Transplant Proc, 43 (9): 3217-20. [PMID:22099761]
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