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programmed cell death 1 (CD279)

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Target id: 2760

Nomenclature: programmed cell death 1 (CD279)

Abbreviated Name: PD-1

Family: Other immune checkpoint proteins, CD molecules

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 1 288 2q37.3 PDCD1 programmed cell death 1
Mouse 1 288 1 D Pdcd1 programmed cell death 1
Rat 1 287 9q36 Pdcd1 programmed cell death 1
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
SLEB2
Database Links Click here for help
Alphafold Q15116 (Hs), Q02242 (Mm)
CATH/Gene3D 2.60.40.10
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL3307223 (Hs), CHEMBL4630756 (Mm)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000188389 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000026285 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000019043 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 5133 (Hs), 18566 (Mm), 301626 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000188389 (Hs)
KEGG Gene hsa:5133 (Hs), mmu:18566 (Mm), rno:301626 (Rn)
OMIM 600244 (Hs)
Pharos Q15116 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_005018 (Hs), NM_008798 (Mm), NM_001106927 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_005009 (Hs), NP_032824 (Mm), NP_001100397 (Rn)
UniProtKB Q15116 (Hs), Q02242 (Mm)
Wikipedia PDCD1 (Hs)
Selected 3D Structures Click here for help
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Crystal structure of the extracellular domain of human PD-1 (Apo-PD-1).
PDB Id:  3RRQ
Resolution:  2.1Å
Species:  Human
References: 
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Structure of the complex of human programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1.
PDB Id:  4ZQK
Ligand:  programmed cell death 1 ligand 1
Resolution:  2.45Å
Species:  Human
References:  37
Natural/Endogenous Ligands Click here for help
programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 {Sp: Human}

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Inhibitors
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
AUNP-12 Peptide Hs Binding 9.1 pEC50 28
⤷ pEC50 9.1 (EC50 7.2x10-10 M) [28]
Description: Inhibition of soluble PD-1 binding to HEK293 cells stably expressing human PD-L2.
Antibodies
Key to terms and symbols Click column headers to sort
Antibody Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
prolgolimab Peptide Immunopharmacology Ligand Monkey Binding >12.0 pKd 9
⤷ pKd >12.0 (Kd <1x10-12 M) [9]
zimberelimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 10.8 pKd 22
⤷ pKd 10.8 (Kd 1.75x10-11 M) [22]
penpulimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 10.2 pKd 16
⤷ pKd 10.2 (Kd 5.9x10-11 M) [16]
pembrolizumab Peptide Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding ~10.0 pKd 5
⤷ pKd ~10.0 (Kd ~1x10-10 M) [5]
tislelizumab Peptide Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 9.8 pKd 8
⤷ pKd 9.8 (Kd 1.5x10-10 M) [8]
prolgolimab Peptide Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 9.7 pKd 9
⤷ pKd 9.7 (Kd 1.9x10-10 M) [9]
spartalizumab Peptide Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding >9.7 pKd 11
⤷ pKd >9.7 (Kd <2x10-10 M) [11]
sintilimab Peptide Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 9.6 pKd 38
⤷ pKd 9.6 (Kd 2.5x10-10 M) [38]
sintilimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Monkey Binding 9.4 pKd 38
⤷ pKd 9.4 (Kd 4.5x10-10 M) [38]
nivolumab Peptide Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 9.1 pKd 13,19-20
⤷ pKd 9.1 (Kd 7.3x10-10 M) [13,19-20]
retifanlimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 8.8 pKd 30
⤷ pKd 8.8 (Kd 1.5x10-9 M) [30]
Description: Binding affinity for immobilised PD-1 determinet bt SPR assay
cemiplimab Peptide Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 8.2 – 9.2 pKd 4
⤷ pKd 9.2 (Kd 6.28x10-10 M) [4]
Description: Immobilised antibody binding to mobile phase dimeric human PD-1 in a Biacore chip assay.
pKd 8.2 (Kd 6.11x10-9 M) [4]
Description: Immobilised antibody binding to mobile phase monomeric human PD-1 in a Biacore chip assay.
cemiplimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Monkey Binding 8.1 – 9.3 pKd 4
⤷ pKd 9.3 (Kd 5.2x10-10 M) [4]
Description: Immobilised antibody binding to mobile phase dimeric monkey PD-1 in a Biacore chip assay.
pKd 8.1 (Kd 7.43x10-9 M) [4]
Description: Immobilised antibody binding to mobile phase monomeric monkey PD-1 in a Biacore chip assay.
toripalimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 8.7 pKd 12
⤷ pKd 8.7 (Kd 2.1x10-9 M) [12]
Description: Binding affinity for PD-1 on human CD8+ T cells
retifanlimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Monkey Binding 8.3 pKd 30
⤷ pKd 8.3 (Kd 4.6x10-9 M) [30]
Description: Binding affinity for immobilised PD-1 determinet bt SPR assay
toripalimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Monkey Binding 8.9 pKi 12
⤷ pKi 8.9 (Ki 1.2x10-9 M) [12]
Description: Binding affinity for PD-1 on cynomolgus monkey CD8+ T cells
cadonilimab Peptide Approved drug Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 10.3 pEC50 26
⤷ pEC50 10.3 (EC50 5.1x10-11 M) [26]
Description: Antigen binding potency determined by ELISA
toripalimab Peptide Approved drug Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding 7.7 pEC50 12
⤷ pEC50 7.7 (EC50 2.1x10-8 M) [12]
Description: Measuring displacement of biotin-PD-L1 from 293F cells expressing hPD-1
dostarlimab Peptide Approved drug Primary target of this compound Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding - - 24
⤷ [24]
Antibody Comments
The clinical potential of PD-1 blockade in immuno-oncology is reviewed in [19]. Binding affinity for tislelizumab (BGB-A317) should be considered preliminary until reported in a peer reviewed article.
Other Binding Ligands
Key to terms and symbols Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 {Sp: Human} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Immunopharmacology Ligand Hs Binding - -
⤷
Immunopharmacology Comments
Immune checkpoint blockade in oncology:
Many types of cancer cells evolve mechanisms to evade control and elimination by the immune system. Such mechanisms can include inhibition of so-called 'immune checkpoints', which would normally be involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. An increasingly important area of clinical oncology research is the development of new agents which impede these evasion techniques, thereby switching immune vigilance back on, and effecting immune destruction of cancer cells. Three molecular targets of checkpoint inhibitors which are being extensively pursued are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Using antibody-based therapies targeting these pathways, clinical responses have been reported in various tumour types, including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma [25] and non-small cell lung cancer [18,23].

Pembrolizumab was the first-in-class, anti-PD-1 antibody to be approved by the US FDA (in 2014), followed in quick succession by nivolumab, and then by cemiplimab in 2018. The number of anti-PD-1 antibodies in clinical use continues to grow.

Synthetic small-molecule PD-1 inhibitors are in development e.g. Curis' CA-170 which is an orally active PD-1/VISTA antagonist in Phase 1 clinical development (NCT02812875) in patients with advanced solid tumours and lymphomas. Recent articles and reviews provide up-to-date information covering the progress that has been made in developing peptide-based and nonpeptidic small-molecule inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway:- Wang et al. (2018) [35], Shaabani et al. (2018) [29], and Chen et al. (2019) [6].

Immune checkpoint blockade in Alzheimer's disease (AD): In mouse models of AD anti-PD-1 antibody treatment was used to induce immune checkpoint blockade. The biological response included an interferon (IFN)-γ-dependent systemic immune response and recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the brain, which was associated with amyloid β plaque clearance and improved cognitive function. These results point to immune checkpoints as valid targets for therapeutic intervention in AD [2].

PD-1 as a new drug target for asthma:
Yu et al. (2016) [36] have identified high PD-1 expression in a population of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) progenitors and activated ILC2 cells. Antibody-induced depletion of PD-1 ILCs reduces cytokine levels in inflammation models, including reducing lung inflammation in a papain-induced asthma model. The authors suggest this may represent an alternative pathway for development of novel immunotherapies for immune disease prevention and control.

The PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the anti-inflammatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) delivery as a novel anti-rejection therapy.
A study that investigated the potential of using MSCs as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against the acute rejection of lung grafts (in rats) identified an MSC-induced upregulation of PD-L1 expression by alveolar cells as a major contributory factor to the anti-inflammatory effects observed, which implicates PD-1/PD-L1 driven inhibition of immune responses in the beneficial effects of MSC therapy [17]. A second significant contributory factor identified was down-regulation of pro-inflammatory IL-17A production by infiltrating effector T cells in the allografts.
Cell Type Associations
Immuno Cell Type:  T cells
Cell Ontology Term:   activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL:0000896)
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL:0000906)
Comment:  PD-1 expression is induced in murine T cells activated by stimulation through antigen receptors.
References:  1
Immuno Cell Type:  B cells
Cell Ontology Term:   B cell (CL:0000236)
Fraction C precursor B cell (CL:0002049)
Comment:  Expressed in pro-B cells and is thought to play a role in their differentiation. PD-1 expression is induced in murine B cells activated by stimulation through antigen receptors.
References:  1
Immuno Cell Type:  Natural killer cells
Comment:  PD-1 is expressed by NK cells; from healthy donors and from most cancer patients [3,7,21,27,34]. Expression is higher in activated NK cells than in exhausted NK cells [14]. In mouse models of cancer, PD-1 blockade elicits a strong NK cell response that is indispensable for the the full therapeutic effect of immunotherapy [14].
References:  15,27
Immuno Cell Type:  Innate lymphoid cells
Cell Ontology Term:   group 2 innate lymphoid cell (CL:0001069)
group 3 innate lymphoid cell (CL:0001071)
Comment:  PD-1 expression by ILC2s appears to be dependent on their tissue origin and the inflammatory milieu. Expression is enhanced by IL-33 stimulation, and inhbits their ability to release cytokines. PD-1 blocking antibodies can modulate ILC2s effector functions. ILC3s can express a functional PD-1 receptor that has been detected in first trimester human decidua and ILC3s from pleural effusions obtained from patients with primary and metastatic tumours.
References:  31-33
Immuno Process Associations
Immuno Process:  B cell (activation)
Immuno Process:  T cell (activation)
Immuno Process:  Immune regulation
Immuno Process:  Chemotaxis & migration
Immuno Process:  Cellular signalling
Immuno Process:  Immune system development
Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Click here for help
Disease:  Alzheimer disease
Synonyms: Alzheimer's disease [Disease Ontology: DOID:10652]
Disease Ontology: DOID:10652
OMIM: 104300
Role:  In mouse models of Alzheimer's disease anti-PD1 antibody treatment was used to induce immune checkpoint blockade. The biological response included an interferon (IFN)-γ-dependent systemic immune and recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the brain, which was associated amyloid beta plaque clearance and improved cognitive function. These results point to immune checkpoints as valid targets for therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease.
References:  2
Disease:  Multiple sclerosis
Disease Ontology: DOID:2377
OMIM: 126200
Orphanet: ORPHA802
Disease:  Renal cell carcinoma
Disease Ontology: DOID:4450
Comments:  A combination therapy of nivolumab plus ipilimumab was granted FDA approval in April 2018, for the treatment of intermediate or poor risk, previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma.
References:  10
Disease:  Systemic lupus erythematosus, susceptibility to, 2; SLEB2
Synonyms: Systemic lupus erythematosus [Orphanet: ORPHA536] [Disease Ontology: DOID:9074]
Disease Ontology: DOID:9074
OMIM: 605218
Orphanet: ORPHA536
General Comments
The endogenous ligands for human PD-1 are programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1 aka CD274 (CD274, Q9NZQ7) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2; PDCD1LG2). These ligands are cell surface peptides, normally involved in immune system regulation.
The PD-1 protein contains an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain that resembles the antibody variable domain, that has been coined the 'V-set domain'. The genes for all human V-set domain containing proteins are listed in HGNC gene group 590.

References

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1. Agata Y, Kawasaki A, Nishimura H, Ishida Y, Tsubata T, Yagita H, Honjo T. (1996) Expression of the PD-1 antigen on the surface of stimulated mouse T and B lymphocytes. Int Immunol, 8 (5): 765-72. [PMID:8671665]

2. Baruch K, Deczkowska A, Rosenzweig N, Tsitsou-Kampeli A, Sharif AM, Matcovitch-Natan O, Kertser A, David E, Amit I, Schwartz M. (2016) PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade reduces pathology and improves memory in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med, 22 (2): 135-7. [PMID:26779813]

3. Beldi-Ferchiou A, Lambert M, Dogniaux S, Vély F, Vivier E, Olive D, Dupuy S, Levasseur F, Zucman D, Lebbé C et al.. (2016) PD-1 mediates functional exhaustion of activated NK cells in patients with Kaposi sarcoma. Oncotarget, 7 (45): 72961-72977. [PMID:27662664]

4. Burova E, Hermann A, Waite J, Potocky T, Lai V, Hong S, Liu M, Allbritton O, Woodruff A, Wu Q et al.. (2017) Characterization of the Anti-PD-1 Antibody REGN2810 and Its Antitumor Activity in Human PD-1 Knock-In Mice. Mol Cancer Ther, 16 (5): 861-870. [PMID:28265006]

5. Carven GJ, Van Eenennaam H, Dulos GJ. (2010) Antibodies to human programmed death receptor PD-1. Patent number: US20100266617. Assignee: Organon NV. Priority date: 13/06/2008. Publication date: 21/10/2010.

6. Chen T, Li Q, Liu Z, Chen Y, Feng F, Sun H. (2019) Peptide-based and small synthetic molecule inhibitors on PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: A new choice for immunotherapy?. Eur J Med Chem, 161: 378-398. [PMID:30384043]

7. Della Chiesa M, Pesce S, Muccio L, Carlomagno S, Sivori S, Moretta A, Marcenaro E. (2016) Features of Memory-Like and PD-1(+) Human NK Cell Subsets. Front Immunol, 7: 351. [PMID:27683578]

8. Desai J, Markman B, Sandhu SK, Gan HK, Friedlander M, Tran B, Meniawy T, Boolell V, Colyer D, Norris C et al.. A phase I dose-escalation study of BGB-A317, an anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) mAb in patients with advanced solid tumors. Accessed on 06/06/2017. Modified on 06/06/2017. http://meetinglibrary.asco.org, http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/record/125804/abstract

9. Ekimova VM, Korzhavin DV, Chernykh YS, Nemankin TA, Solovyev VV, Vladamirova Ak, Bulankina IA, Diduk SV, Ustigov IL, Artiukhova MV et al.. (2021) Anti-PD-1 antibodies, method for producing same and method for using same. Patent number: US11136408B2. Assignee: Closed Joint-Stock Co "biocad", Biocad JSC. Priority date: 04/07/2017. Publication date: 05/10/2021.

10. FDA. FDA approves nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination for intermediate or poor-risk advanced renal cell carcinoma. Accessed on 18/04/2018. Modified on 18/04/2018. www.fda.gov, https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ApprovedDrugs/ucm604685.htm?utm_campaign=Oncology%204%2F16%2F2018&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua&elqTrackId=461a88586a9a4db284ceb54da34a6a23&elq=8b10e118e0b249beb2807c129fc264e8&elqaid=3169&elqat=1&elqCampaignId=2374

11. Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH, Blattler WA, Mataraza JM, Sabatos-Peyton CA, Chang HW, Frey GJ. (2017) Antibody molecules to PD-1 and uses thereof. Patent number: US9683048B2. Assignee: Novartis AG Harvard College, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Inc. Priority date: 24/01/2014. Publication date: 20/06/2017.

12. Fu J, Wang F, Dong LH, Zhang J, Deng CL, Wang XL, Xie XY, Zhang J, Deng RX, Zhang LB et al.. (2017) Preclinical evaluation of the efficacy, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of JS-001, a programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 38 (5): 710-718. [PMID:28317872]

13. Hall RD, Gray JE, Chiappori AA. (2013) Beyond the standard of care: a review of novel immunotherapy trials for the treatment of lung cancer. Cancer Control, 20 (1): 22-31. [PMID:23302904]

14. Hsu J, Hodgins JJ, Marathe M, Nicolai CJ, Bourgeois-Daigneault MC, Trevino TN, Azimi CS, Scheer AK, Randolph HE, Thompson TW et al.. (2018) Contribution of NK cells to immunotherapy mediated by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. J Clin Invest, 128 (10): 4654-4668. [PMID:30198904]

15. Huang AC, Postow MA, Orlowski RJ, Mick R, Bengsch B, Manne S, Xu W, Harmon S, Giles JR, Wenz B et al.. (2017) T-cell invigoration to tumour burden ratio associated with anti-PD-1 response. Nature, 545 (7652): 60-65. [PMID:28397821]

16. Huang Z, Pang X, Zhong T, Qu T, Chen N, Ma S, He X, Xia D, Wang M, Xia M et al.. (2022) Penpulimab, an Fc-Engineered IgG1 Anti-PD-1 Antibody, With Improved Efficacy and Low Incidence of Immune-Related Adverse Events. Front Immunol, 13: 924542. [PMID:35833116]

17. Ishibashi N, Watanabe T, Kanehira M, Watanabe Y, Hoshikawa Y, Notsuda H, Noda M, Sakurada A, Ohkouchi S, Kondo T et al.. (2018) Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells protect allograft lung transplants from acute rejection via the PD-L1/IL-17A axis. Surg Today, 48 (7): 726-734. [PMID:29546496]

18. Johnson DB, Rioth MJ, Horn L. (2014) Immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC. Curr Treat Options Oncol, 15 (4): 658-69. [PMID:25096781]

19. Kline J, Gajewski TF. (2010) Clinical development of mAbs to block the PD1 pathway as an immunotherapy for cancer. Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 11 (12): 1354-9. [PMID:21154117]

20. Korman AJ, Srinivasan M, Wang C, Selby MJ, Chen B, Cardarelli JM. (2006) Human monoclonal antibodies to programmed death 1(pd-1) and methods for treating cancer using anti-pd-1 antibodies alone or in combination with other immunotherapeutics. Patent number: WO2006121168. Assignee: Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Priority date: 09/05/2005. Publication date: 02/03/2015.

21. Liu Y, Cheng Y, Xu Y, Wang Z, Du X, Li C, Peng J, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. (2017) Increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 on NK cells inhibits NK-cell-mediated anti-tumor function and indicates poor prognosis in digestive cancers. Oncogene, 36 (44): 6143-6153. [PMID:28692048]

22. Lou B, Wei H, Yang F, Wang S, Yang B, Zheng Y, Zhu J, Yan S. (2021) Preclinical Characterization of GLS-010 (Zimberelimab), a Novel Fully Human Anti-PD-1 Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody for Cancer. Front Oncol, 11: 736955. [PMID:34604074]

23. Malas S, Harrasser M, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. (2014) Antibody therapies for melanoma: New and emerging opportunities to activate immunity (Review). Oncol Rep, 32 (3): 875-86. [PMID:24969320]

24. Oaknin A, Tinker AV, Gilbert L, Samouëlian V, Mathews C, Brown J, Barretina-Ginesta MP, Moreno V, Gravina A, Abdeddaim C et al.. (2020) Clinical Activity and Safety of the Anti-Programmed Death 1 Monoclonal Antibody Dostarlimab for Patients With Recurrent or Advanced Mismatch Repair-Deficient Endometrial Cancer: A Nonrandomized Phase 1 Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol, 6 (11): 1766-1772. [PMID:33001143]

25. Pal SK, Hu A, Chang M, Figlin RA. (2014) Programmed death-1 inhibition in renal cell carcinoma: clinical insights and future directions. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol, 12 (2): 90-9. [PMID:24892254]

26. Pang X, Huang Z, Zhong T, Zhang P, Wang ZM, Xia M, Li B. (2023) Cadonilimab, a tetravalent PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody with trans-binding and enhanced target binding avidity. MAbs, 15 (1): 2180794. [PMID:36872527]

27. Pesce S, Greppi M, Tabellini G, Rampinelli F, Parolini S, Olive D, Moretta L, Moretta A, Marcenaro E. (2017) Identification of a subset of human natural killer cells expressing high levels of programmed death 1: A phenotypic and functional characterization. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 139 (1): 335-346.e3. [PMID:27372564]

28. Sasikumar PGN, Ramachandra M, Vadlamani SK, Vemula KR, Satyam LK, Subbarao K, Shrimali KR, Kendepu S. (2011) Immunosuppression modulating compounds. Patent number: US20110318373A1. Assignee: Aurigene Discovery Technologies Ltd. Priority date: 25/06/2010. Publication date: 29/12/2011.

29. Shaabani S, Huizinga HPS, Butera R, Kouchi A, Guzik K, Magiera-Mularz K, Holak TA, Dömling A. (2018) A patent review on PD-1/PD-L1 antagonists: small molecules, peptides, and macrocycles (2015-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat, 28 (9): 665-678. [PMID:30107136]

30. Shah K, Smith DH, La Motte-Mohs R, Johnson LS, Moore PA, Bonvini E, Koenig S. (2017) Pd-1-binding molecules and methods use thereof. Patent number: WO2017019846A1. Assignee: Macrogenics, Inc.. Priority date: 30/07/2015. Publication date: 02/02/2017.

31. Taylor S, Huang Y, Mallett G, Stathopoulou C, Felizardo TC, Sun MA, Martin EL, Zhu N, Woodward EL, Elias MS et al.. (2017) PD-1 regulates KLRG1+ group 2 innate lymphoid cells. J Exp Med, 214 (6): 1663-1678. [PMID:28490441]

32. Tumino N, Martini S, Munari E, Scordamaglia F, Besi F, Mariotti FR, Bogina G, Mingari MC, Vacca P, Moretta L. (2019) Presence of innate lymphoid cells in pleural effusions of primary and metastatic tumors: Functional analysis and expression of PD-1 receptor. Int J Cancer, 145 (6): 1660-1668. [PMID:30856277]

33. Vacca P, Pesce S, Greppi M, Fulcheri E, Munari E, Olive D, Mingari MC, Moretta A, Moretta L, Marcenaro E. (2019) PD-1 is expressed by and regulates human group 3 innate lymphoid cells in human decidua. Mucosal Immunol, 12 (3): 624-631. [PMID:30755717]

34. Vari F, Arpon D, Keane C, Hertzberg MS, Talaulikar D, Jain S, Cui Q, Han E, Tobin J, Bird R et al.. (2018) Immune evasion via PD-1/PD-L1 on NK cells and monocyte/macrophages is more prominent in Hodgkin lymphoma than DLBCL. Blood, 131 (16): 1809-1819. [PMID:29449276]

35. Wang T, Wu X, Guo C, Zhang K, Xu J, Li Z, Jiang S. (2019) Development of Inhibitors of the Programmed Cell Death-1/Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 Signaling Pathway. J Med Chem, 62 (4): 1715-1730. [PMID:30247903]

36. Yu Y, Tsang JC, Wang C, Clare S, Wang J, Chen X, Brandt C, Kane L, Campos LS, Lu L et al.. (2016) Single-cell RNA-seq identifies a PD-1hi ILC progenitor and defines its development pathway. Nature, 539 (7627): 102-106. [PMID:27749818]

37. Zak KM, Kitel R, Przetocka S, Golik P, Guzik K, Musielak B, Dömling A, Dubin G, Holak TA. (2015) Structure of the Complex of Human Programmed Death 1, PD-1, and Its Ligand PD-L1. Structure, 23 (12): 2341-2348. [PMID:26602187]

38. Zhang S, Zhang M, Wu W, Yuan Z, Tsun A, Wo M, Chen B, Li J, Miao X, Yu D et al.. (2018) Preclinical characterization of Sintilimab, a fully human anti-PD-1 therapeutic monoclonal antibody for cancer. Antibody Therapeutics, 1 (2): 65–73. DOI: 10.1093/abt/tby005

How to cite this page

Other immune checkpoint proteins: programmed cell death 1 (CD279). Last modified on 31/10/2023. Accessed on 20/04/2024. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, https://www.guidetomalariapharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=2760.